Sunburn

 Summer is near and sunburn is one of the part of summer time. But here are some information about sunburn, enjoy reading!!

You know sunburn when it happens: red, painful skin that feels hot to the touch. Sunburn usually appears within a few hours after sun exposure and may take from several days to several weeks to fade.

Acne

Acne (acne vulgaris, common acne) is a disease of the hair follicles of the face, chest, and back that affects almost all males and females during puberty; the only exception being teenage members of a few primitive isolated tribes living in Neolithic societies. It is not caused by bacteria, although bacteria play a role in its development. It is not unusual for some women to develop acne in their mid- to late-20s.

Cervical Cancer

The cervix is a female reproductive organ that forms the lower portion of the uterus or womb. The uterus and cervix lie in the pelvis, on top of the vagina, in between the rectum and bladder. The cervix forms the part of the birth canal that opens to the vagina.

Cervical cancer occurs when cervical cells grow out of control, typically in the transformation zone. When cells grow out of control, they spread and grow throughout the cervix and may invade and destroy neighboring organs or break away and spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body.

Migraine Headache

More than 35% of population on earth suffer from migraine headaches, a type of headache that is often severe or even disabling. These migraine headaches may be accompanied by light sensitivity, nausea, vomiting and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine pain can be excruciating and may incapacitate sufferers for hours or even days. Often a person suffering from a severe migraine will need total silence and/or darkness.  Three times more women suffer from migraines than men.

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, also known as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, is the most common type of arthritis in children under the age of 16.

The cause of  Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is not known.
It is thought to be an autoimmune illness. In this type of condition, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB)

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) - Infection of the lung tissue aused by invasion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis).

Precipitating factor:

• Malnutrition
• Ovecrowded places
• Alcoholism
• Over fatigue
• Ingestion of an infected cattle with mycobacterium bovis
• Virulence (degree of pathogenecity) of microorganism

Pneumonia

Pneumonia - Inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to pulmonary consolidation as the alveoli is filled with exudates.

Etiologic Agents:

• Streptococcus Pneumonia - causing pneumococcal pneumonia
• Hemophylus Influenzae - causing broncho pneumonia
• Diplococcus Pneumoniae
• Klebsella Pneumomiae
• Escherichia Pneumoniae
• Pseudomonas

Angina Pectoris

Angina pectoris is the result of myocardial ischemia caused by an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and oxygen demand.It usually occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest. Angina generally is a symptom of coronary artery disease. In most severe cases, it may occur with minimal effort or at rest.

Meningitis

It is the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges

Layers of meninges

• pia matter (inner layer)
• arachnoid (middle layer)
• subarachnoid space (outer layer)

Parkinson's disease/ Parkinsonism

It is a degenerative disorder of the basal ganlia function that result in variable combinations of tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia. The disorder is characterized by progressive destruction of the nigrostiatal pathway,with subsequent reduction in striatal concentrations of dopamine.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Congestive heart failure(CHF) is a common condition that develops after the heart becomes damaged or weakened by diseases of the heart including heart attacks and other medical conditions.In CHF the heart is unable to adequately pump blood throughout the body and/or unable to prevent blood from "backing up" into the lungs.

Preparing for Pregnancy

 Before a women becomes pregnant, it's important for her to prepare for the many changes her body will experience. Sometimes, a pregnancy is a surprise, so a woman cannot prepare for it. However, when it is possible, think about and make plans for how you will take care of your self during this wondrous time. Preparing for a pregnancy allows you to make changes before you get pregnant so your baby gets a healthy start in life. To that end, many physicians and other health care workers now consider pregnancy a 12-month term.

The actual length of a pregnancy (growth from a fertilized egg into a normal-size baby) is only 9 months. but we now know that the few months before you get pregnant can be as important as the 9 months the fetus develops inside of you.

Teacher's Stress

What is stress?
 -It's the body's way of rising to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation with focus, strength, stamina, and heightened alertness.

Work-related stress is the result of a conflict between the role and needs of an individual employee and the demands of the workplace.
Teachers are increasingly perceived as facilitators or managers of knowledge.
Teaching has been identified as one of the most stressful professions today.

Causes of Stress for Teachers:

• Pressure on professional skills
• The school as a stressful workplace (Excessive working hours and Excessive workload)
• Poor management(Lack of control over the job)
• Student misbehavior
• Difficult parent/teacher relations
• Social and personal pressures
• inadequate compensation

Generalized-Onset Seizures and Unclassified Seizures

Generalized-onset seizures are the most common type in young children. These seizures are classified as primary or generalized when clinical signs, symptoms, and supporting EEG changes indicate involvement of both hemispheres at onset. The clinical symptoms include unconsciousness and involve varying bilateral degrees of symmetric motor responses without evidence of localization to one hemisphere.

Partial Seizures

Partial or focal seizures are the most common type of seizures among newly diagnosed cases in all groups older than 10 years of age. Partial seizures can be subdivided into three major groups: simple partial (consciousness is not impaired), complex partial (impairment of consciousness), and secondarily generalized partial seizures. These categories are based primarily on current neurophysiologic theories related to seizure propagation and the extent of involvement of the brains hemispheres.

Seizures

Seizures are paroxysmal motor, sensory, or cognitive manifestations of spontaneous, abnormally synchronous electrical discharges from collections of neurons in the cerebral cortex. Seizures are thought to result directly or indirectly from changes in excitability of single neurons or groups of neurons.

The site of seizures generation and the extent to which the abnormal neural activity is conducted to other areas of the brain determine the type and manifestations of the seizures activity.

Partial seizures originate in a small group of neurons in one hemisphere with secondary spread of seizures activity to other parts of the brain. Simple partial seizures usually are confined to one hemisphere and do not involve loss of consciousness. Complex partial seizures begin in a localized area, spread to both hemispheres, and involve impairment of consciousness.

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or Stroke

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is also referred to as a stroke.
The brain requires a steady supply of oxygen in order to pump blood effectively to all of the body.
The sudden death of some brain cells due to lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is impaired by blockage or rupture of an artery to the brain. A stroke is a condition where a blood clot or ruptured artery or blood vessel interrupts blood flow to an area of the brain.

 

Dementia

Dementia is a permanent decline in cognitive function and memory from a previous level of function. Dementia is a brain disorder with permanent loss of memory or other higher cognitive function.. Dementia can either be progressive, such as in Alzheimer's disease, or may remain stable, as can be seen after a stroke or head injury.

symptoms of dementia

• Memory loss
• The patient may become more and more moody
• The affected person finds it harder to talk read and/or write.

Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological brain disorder named after a German physician, Alois Alzheimer, who first described it in 1906.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia among older people. Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person's ability to carry out daily activities. (Dementia literally means loss of mentation, or thinking.)

 Alzheimer’s is progressive and irreversible. Abnormal changes in the brain worsen over time, eventually interfering with many aspects of brain function. Alzheimer's disease begins slowly. It first involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory and language. People with Alzheimer's disease may have trouble remembering things that happened recently or names of people they know. Over time, symptoms get worse. People may not recognize family members or have trouble speaking, reading or writing. They may forget how to change their clothes or brush their teeth. Later on, they may become anxious or aggressive, or wander away from home. Eventually, they need total care. This can cause great stress for family members who must care for them. Alzheimer's is not a normal part of aging, although the greatest known risk factor is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. The risk goes up as you get older. The risk is also higher if a family member has had the disease.

Stress and Adaptation

Stress is a state manifested by symptoms that arise from the coordinated activation of the neuroendocrine and immune systems, which Selye called the generation adaptation syndrome.

The hormones and neurotransmitters (catecholamines and cortisol) that are released during the stress response function to alert the individual to a threat or challenge to homeostasis, to enhance cardiovascular and metabolic activity in order to manage to the stressor, and to focus the energy of the body by suppressing the activity of other systems that are not immediately needed.

Adaptation is the ability to respond to challenges of physical or psychological homeostasis and to return to a balanced state.